Cryopreservation Principles Applications and Future Prospects

Gang Tao^1*_, Yixin Xei¹

¹Department of Electronic Engineering and Information Science, University of Science and Technology

*Corresponding Author

Gang Tao, Department of Electronic Engineering and Information Science, University of Science and Technology, China, E-mail: tao@gang.cn

Abstract

Cryopreservation is a process that involves preserving biological materials at ultra-low temperatures, typically using liquid nitrogen (-196°C), to halt all biochemical activity and maintain viability over extended periods. Widely applied in medicine, agriculture, reproductive technology, and conservation biology, cryopreservation has enabled long-term storage of cells, tissues, gametes, and even whole embryos. The success of this technique relies on effective cryoprotectants, precise cooling and warming protocols, and minimization of ice formation. This article reviews the scientific principles of cryopreservation, key applications, challenges, and future directions for advancing this essential biotechnological tool.