Hemodynamic and Myocardial Workload Responses to Cold Pressor Stress in Apparently Healthy Young Adults

Aliyu Buhari^1*, Abdullahi Fahariyyat Manta², Nasiru Muhammad³

¹Department of Physiology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Usmanu Danfodiyo University, Sokoto, Sokoto State, Nigeria

²Department of Human Physiology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Federal University Birnin Kebbi, Kebbi State, Nigeria

*Corresponding Author Aliyu Buhari, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Usmanu Danfodiyo University, Sokoto, Sokoto State, Nigeria, Email id: aliyu.buhari@udusok.edu.ng

Abstract

Background:The Cold Pressor Test (CPT) is a validated experimental model used to assess autonomic cardiovascular reactivity. It induces acute sympathetic stimulation resulting in measurable hemodynamic changes.

Objective:To evaluate cardiovascular responses to CPT in apparently healthy young adults, focusing on heart rate, blood pressure, and myocardial workload.

Methods:A total of 24 healthy participants (18–40 years) underwent standardized CPT (0–4°C hand immersion). Systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP), and heart rate (HR) were measured at baseline, during cold exposure, and recovery. Double product (DP = HR × SBP) was calculated. Data were analyzed using repeated measures ANOVA with significance set at p < 0.05.

Results:CPT induced a significant increase in SBP (120.4 ± 10.8 to 154.5 ± 14.4 mmHg), DBP (79.3 ± 4.8 to 99.2 ± 9.8 mmHg), HR (77.0 ± 7.5 to 92.1 ± 8.6 bpm), and DP (9083 ± 1271 to 14331 ± 2095 units) (p < 0.001). Partial recovery occurred post-stimulus, although values remained above baseline.

Conclusion:Cold pressor stress induces marked sympathetic cardiovascular activation and increased myocardial workload. CPT is a useful non-invasive tool for assessing autonomic cardiovascular function in humans.